The Old Man And The Sea - 1238 Words

The endless advance of time has left many writers, and their works forgotten. Only a select few live on, Ernest Hemingway being a prime example. With his straight forward style of writing and his Sinatra-esque personality his name still continues to live on to this day. His most famous work called â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† which follows and old washed up fisherman whom is down on his luck embarks on a voyage where he is thrown into a long bout with a tremendous marlin. The novel landed Hemingway a Pulitzer Prize in 1953 signifying the peak of his career. After this novel Hemingway coping with the throes of alcoholism drove himself into deep and darkening depression. No longer a functioning alcoholic, writing became a somewhat†¦show more content†¦Although they still took the story exactly where they needed to go without boring the reader. As many say that F. Scott Fitzgerald’s constant description of things may leave them in awe with how beautifully constructed his sentences are. It leaves you wondering where the plot was going. This was never an issue of Hemingway’s he delivered the plot right at your feet, which may be why his stories where so well received in his later life. War struck the world after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparking world war 1( the great war). The alliance system hurdled countries against each other like no other war before. With the new technological advancements soldiers had never been more dangerous raising the death toll tremendously. As a noble young man Ernest enlisted in the itallian military as an Ambulance driver where he saw more than enough bloodshed. After sustaining some battle injuries a certain nurse in a hospital caught Hemingway’s eye causing him to go mad with lust. He proposed the the nurse she accepted the young authors proposal only to run away with another man in just a few short weeks. Crushed by the love lost Hemingway later poured and channeled these emotions into later works of his own including â€Å"`A Very Short Story†, and much more widely renowned â€Å"A Farewell to Arms†. Still in recovery fromShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea1561 Words   |  7 Pages The Old Man and The Sea is more than a book about a fish and an old man, it teaches us strength and never giving up on ourselves. The Old Man and The Sea is written by Ernest Hemingway about Santiago, The Old Man. Hemingway is a writer known for his iceberg themes in his novels, where ten percent of its message is what you read and the ninety percent is hidden. That ninety percent is up to interpretati on. My interpretation is Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea he expressesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe sea in a way is like a living being. The way it rhythmically carries itself, showing all of its majestic beauty. The sea has such power, each wave coordinately smashing against whatever stands in its way. Sea erosion, most commonly known as coastal erosion, is the slow process of wave action constantly shaping and reshaping the coastlines of our world. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrays nature as a continuum-an endless progression of the invention and destruction which is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a short, but rich novel about an old fisherman who, after eighty-four unsuccessful days in a row, hooks the largest fish of his life. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951, and published in 1952, the novel was the last of Hemingway’s novels to be published during his lifetime. The book was praised by critics, and became an immediate success. The story was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a factor in Hemingway winning a Nobel Prize. The story was publishedRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesearly to mid 20th century. Known mainly for his success in writing the critically acclaimed novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway had many symbolic meanings instituted throughout this novel and many other works. Many having the theme of a hero confronting a natural force, as seen when Santiago confronts the mighty sea. Along with the heroic themes, Hemingway had become a religious Catholic man growing up and decided to include many religious references and biblical allusions. Since the beginningRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1412 Words   |  6 Pagesboth having completely different writing styles and ideas, seem to have an underlying similarity in how they view leadership and heroism. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemmingway and Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh both show internal battles and undeniable fate within characters throughout each novel. In The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway uses Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, to represent internal transformation, renewed life, triumph, and defeat. Ghosh also represents similar struggles throughRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the plot of the novel, The Old Man and the Sea and the motion picture, Life of Pi. In the novel, the old fisherman, Santiago spends a few days out at sea attempting to capture the fish of his dreams. He battles through pain, thirst and hunger in order to bring the Marlin to the shore. However, whi le losing his prey, he gains a priceless experience combined with pride, respect and compassion. On the other hand, the main character in the movie survives at sea for 227 days with a wild animal,Read MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1121 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on the author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway providesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1395 Words   |  6 PagesBoth The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London both explore the literary conflict of man verses nature. Both main characters sha re many similarities; however, they also have various differences that set them apart as well. In The Old Man and the Sea the story is about Santiago, an old fisherman who sets out one day and catches the fish of a lifetime. Santiago then spends multiple days fighting the fish in the middle of the ocean. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is about aRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea993 Words   |  4 Pages one Earnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, is a captivating story about and old seasoned fisherman named Santiago. It is a tale of his epic struggle with the greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for eighty-four days. He face psychological challenges and encounters multiple villains. Santiago is fishing with a young boy named Manolin and the boy leaves the old man to go on another boat. Hemingway explains to us why they boy had to leave the boat. â€Å"But after forty

Every culture has a different set of traits and habits Free Essays

I agree with the first part of the article. Every culture has a different set of traits and habits. The norms which are considered common in one culture may be considered in-appropriate in other culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Every culture has a different set of traits and habits or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example in Western culture it’s normal to use credit card or open up personal information to vendors; which is not workable in Eastern societies that includes not only Egypt but India as well. The reason for such cultural attitude is the way business is done. In Eastern it is rare for two individual to do business to trust someone unless they know each other for some time. Thus the idea of pure business relation seems odd in East which is a normal thing in West. The reason for such cultural attitude is the status of economies in the East and West. The third world countries have under developed economies; and these societies are mix of socialistic and capitalist systems. And business is normally done in traditional ways long forgotten in the West. It’s natural in such environment to have lack of trust in e-commerce environment. Creating information societies where people are made aware of internet and the power of e-commerce would be one step in this direction There may be come some improvement by opening up information; however cultural traits cannot be solved only by making information available. Cultural habits are developed over the course of centuries that will not wither away simply by informing people about internet. The Western societies have been developed through many centuries; which cannot take place over night in the east. In order to develop e-commerce environment; countries like Egypt need to invest in many areas; such as infrastructure, education and more importantly to develop consumer based economy. People in Egypt (and countries like Egypt) are under paid; wealth is very scarce to produce. In such environment people trust only those; whom they know personally, rather than trusting someone online which they have never met or seen. It would take lot of effort by developing countries to work on their economies making them more market oriented and create businesses and opportunities; only then it would be possible to change cultural habits. How to cite Every culture has a different set of traits and habits, Papers

Nogo Railroad Essay Sample free essay sample

NoGo Railroad has some issues within their organisation get downing with their ancient communications procedure which needs immediate attending of an experient director. However. the operations director has decided to advance the head starter Dave Keller who has little to no experience in pull offing the communications section. This organisation has a history of opposition to alter which is doing a major job for the hereafter of this concern. Brown ( 2011 ) provinces. â€Å"Change is a manner of life in today’s organisation. but organisations are besides faced with keeping a stable individuality and operations in order to carry through their primary goals† pg. 5. In order for alteration to be successful it must be carefully planned by the directors and successfully implemented easy to do certain they don’t frighten away the employees. On the macro degree this organisation has several issues which will finally do this company to go nonextant. Their procedures are â€Å"archaic traditions† . We will write a custom essay sample on Nogo Railroad Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page their hiring procedure consist of chiefly engaging household members of current employees. Besides the employee’s contracts which guarantee pay even if there is no work will shortly ruin this organisation. Issues on the micro degree are chiefly the civilization of this organisation and the norms that they have become accustomed to and are loath to alter. In my sentiment this is damaging to the success of this organisation and will ache them in the long tally if it continues. Brown ( 2011 ) provinces. â€Å"Some forms of behaviour may be functional and may ease the achievement of organisational ends. Other forms of behaviour or cultural norms may really suppress or curtail their accomplishment† pg. 10. The morale of the employees is highly low. Majority of their employees and directors are extremely immune to alter and will organize groups to oppose any new alterations the company tries to implement. The staff and directors are comfy in making things the manner they are used to and oppose alteration because it may ensue in layoffs. This is a major issue due to the nepotism and high rate of household members working for this organisation. No 1 wants to be the ground one of their h ousehold members loses their occupation. This is why a alteration in their work environment is debatable for the employees and the organisation as a whole. I say this because if they continue to execute with this low rate of alteration and development. finally some competition will come and set this organisation out of concern. Then the employees and their households can endure an even greater loss if none of them have occupations due to their deficiency of committedness and opposition to alter in this organisation. Another issue on the micro degree is the deficiency of support from upper direction. Dave realizes the alterations that need to be made but he is diffident if he will hold the support of the director who promoted him to do these alterations. Dave knows if the employees rally against him. Allen Yates may team up with the bulk which could intend he will be out numbered. This will ensue in him being outnumbered. demoted and/or perchance fired. Either manner he is in a hopeless state of affairs. He can stop up unemployed. or demoted and so ostracized by the remainder of the employees due to his attempts to alter their work environment. The causes of their issues are a consequence of deficiency of committedness and opposition to alter. Brown ( 2011 ) provinces. â€Å"As the environment alterations. organisations must accommodate if they are to be successful† pg. 32. The employees public presentation is less than satisfactory and since bulk of them are household members they do non hold to worry about being reprimanded for their mediocre work moralss. The full construction of this organisation is a consequence of inappropriate division of labour. The clerks and telegraphist which make up the communications section have excessively many unneeded restrictions every bit far as their day-to-day duties are concerned. Clerks which are largely females are chained to their desk with nil to make and no desire to larn more to assist out the telegraphists largely work forces. whom are invariably going working excessively many hours which is aching the organisation financially. Technology has no topographic point with this organisation due to the fact that knot ligature is an of import map for the telegraphists to pass on with applied scientists driving trains. This company is in despairing demand of an IT section since the telegrapher’s occupations are so ancient but it is highly unsafe and hazardous and they can easy ensue in terrible life endangering hurts. The Goals and Values Systems are fundamentally nonexistent since there is nepotism and pampering impacting the behaviours of the managerial staff and employees. Everyone in this organisation are either looking out for their best involvement or their household members. There is no concern for the growing and promotion of this railway as a concern. Equally long as they are having payroll checks they can care less if this organisation has a hereafter in the railway concern. Although there are effects in implementing alterations. there are some options that need to be considered if this organisatio n wants to stay a profitable concern. One major alteration has to be renegociating these employee contracts. responsibilities and acceptable public presentation criterions. The non-existent duties of the fireman place demands to be rapidly eliminated. The duties of the telegraphists and clerks should be combined into one place that both adult females and work forces are required to make every portion of this occupation without any restrictions. The engineering or deficiency thereof needs to be updated and overhauled and professionally managed by an IT professional. The following issue that needs to be carefully addressed is the civilization and their opposition to alter. While employees should be allowed some input on what happens within an organisation they should non hold that much control over the terminal consequences. This group opposition is an unacceptable pattern in a turning work environment and it can no longer be tolerated. Upper direction demands to back up their directors and do certain the employees understand that importance of these alterations and the fact that the behaviours defying the alteration will non be tolerated. If Dave can successfully acquire upper direction support so he will be able to implement the necessary alterations. If this railway wants to be around for another 50 old ages so alterations are decidedly necessary. and they must get down with the single places and edifice employee morale and committedness to the organisation as a whole. Dave most decidedly needs to take some leading preparation categories to assist him better director his squad ad rebuild a positive civilization for NoGo Railroad. The alterations will finally ensue in the riddance of some places and necessitate some persons to be laid away. As a consequence Dave with the support of upper direction demands to reassure the employees who remain that these alterations are necessary for company to go successful in the hereafter. Mentions: Brown. D. R. . and Harvey. D. ( 2011 ) . An experiential attack to organisation development ( 8th ed. ) . Upper Saddle River: Pearson. ISBN 0-13-610689-7

Outsourcing And Its Advantage And Disadvantage Essays - Outsourcing

Outsourcing And Its Advantage And Disadvantage Introduction : Nowadays, many organisation are outsourcing their non- core activities to an external agents. Distribution is one of these activities as distribution consider as a non-core activity for many firms. Although, there are many advantage for outsourcing, there are also risks and disadvantage in this process. In this essay I would explain the term outsourcing and explain why organisations are preferring to outsource some of its functions in today's environment. Also, in this essay it has been tried to analysis the advantage and disadvantage of the outsourcing process and its risks towards the organisation. The word outsourcing could be described as the contractual relationship with a specialised outside service provider for work traditionally done in-house. Outsourcing could also be defined as the use of external agents to perform one or more organisational activities. In the last decade or so there has been a trend, particular among large scale companies, to hand over the whole or part of the distribution function to the external agents. One should emphasis that outsourcing is an issue that is not specific to distribution. Many other organisational functions, such as information system, building maintenance, etc?, have been outsource for many years in organisations. There are different reasons for organisations outsourcing their distribution function. More and more organisations today face a dynamic and changing environment. This, in turn, is requiring these organisations to adapt. Competition is also changing. The global economy means that competitors are likely to come from across the ocean as from across town. Successful organisations will be the ones that can change in response to the competition and changing environment. In other words, they will be flexible. Therefore, today's organisation stand in sharp contrast to the typical bureaucratic organisations that have many vertical levels of management and where control is sought through ownership. In such organisations, Research and Development are done in-house, production occurs in company-owned plants, and sales and distribution are performed by the company's own employees. To support all this, management has to employ extra personal including accountants, human

How to Care for and Protect Old Photographs

How to Care for and Protect Old Photographs Whether it is paintings on cave walls or writings chiseled in stone, mankind has been recording history  since the  beginning of time.  The ability to document history photographically is a more recent invention, however, beginning with the daguerreotype in 1838. Photographs provide a very important visual connection to our ancestors. Shared family physical characteristics, hairstyles, clothing styles, family traditions, special events, and more provide a graphic portrayal of the lives of our ancestors, but if we do not properly care for our photographs, some of our history will fade away right along with those precious images. What Causes a Photo to Deteriorate? Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and sunlight affect photographs more than any other factor. Cyclic conditions (high heat and humidity followed by cold, dry weather such as you would find in an attic or basement) are especially bad for photos and may cause cracking and separation of the emulsion (image) from the support (paper base of the photo).  Dirt, dust, and oil are also big culprits of photographic deterioration. Storage Tips The worst places to store your photographs are in an un-insulated attic or basement. Constant high temperatures and humidity in the summer and low temperatures and humidity in the winter can cause your photographs to become brittle and crack. In severe cases, it may cause separation of the emulsion (image) from the support (paper base) of the photo. Dampness can cause photographs to stick together. Insects and rodents, commonly found in basements, also like to feed on photos. The best conditions for storing photographs are in a location with a consistent temperature from 65 °F–70 °F with a relative humidity of about 50%. These arent always possible in a home environment, however, so if your photographs are especially important to you, you may want to consider storing them in a safe deposit box at your bank where the conditions are ideal.Do not store your negatives in the same place as your photographs. If something happens to your photos or albums, your negatives will stil l be available to reprint your treasured family heirloom. Avoid cheap drugstore-type photo albums, magnetic photo albums, and  paper and plastic storage products that arent specifically made for storing photos. Regular envelopes, ziplock bags and other things commonly used for photo storage arent always safe for your photos.  Use only lignin-free, acid-free, un-buffered paper  for  storing  photographs or as interleaving paper in albums.  Use only PVC-free plastics such as Polyester, Mylar, Polypropylene, Polyethylene, and Tyvek.Water and fire can ruin your photos. Keep pictures away from fireplaces, heaters, dryers etc. Avoid water damage by storing photos on high shelves well away from water pipes and in locations not prone to flooding or leaks (dont store in the basement or in a closet which backs on a shower, tub or sink). What to Avoid Dirt, dust, and oils from your hands can cause permanent damage. You should handle prints and negatives along the edges, preferably while wearing white cotton gloves.Do not write on the back of your photos with standard ball-point or felt-tip ink pens. Unless it is marked specifically for use on photos, most ink contains acids which will eat away at and stain your photos over time. If you must mark a photo and dont have an acid-free photo marking pen available, then write lightly with a soft lead pencil on the back of the image.Do not use rubber bands or paper clips to hold photos together. Rubber bands contain sulfur which can cause your photo to deteriorate. Paper clips can scratch the surface of your photos or negatives. Clippings should be photocopied onto alkaline paper.Do not use paper clips to hold photos together or in albums. They can scratch the surface of your photos or negatives.Do not display important photos in your home. The glass can stick to the emulsion over time. S unlight will cause your photo to fade. If you want to display a precious photo, then have a copy made and display the copy! Do not use glues (especially rubber cement) or pressure sensitive tapes to mend photographs or hold them in albums.  Most glues contain substances such as sulfur and acids which will cause your photos to deteriorate. Look for special photo-safe glues and tapes in the archival section of your favorite photo or craft store.Avoid exposing photographic materials to anything containing sulfur dioxide, fresh paint fumes, plywood, cardboard, and fumes from cleaning supplies.Do not take special family photos (wedding photos, baby photos, etc.) to an inexpensive photo developer for processing, especially one hour services.  It is important that the film is developed with fresh chemicals and that the negatives are washed sufficiently (for at least an hour) and only professionals usually provide these services. Ask questions and make sure you get what you are paying for.

Separable Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Separable Inseparable Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are separated into two groups: Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs. Separable ​Phrasal Verbs Separable phrasal verbs can remain together when using an object that is a noun or noun phrase. Examples: He paid back the debt. OR He paid the debt back.The company laid out quite a bit for research. OR The company laid quite a bit out for research. Separable phrasal verbs MUST be separated when a pronoun is used: Examples: We ran it up by $50,000.They bailed him out of the situation.Frank paid it all back by the end of the month. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs Inseparable phrasal verbs always remain together. It makes no difference if a noun or pronoun is used. Examples: He scraped by on only $800 a month for two years. NOT He scraped it by for two years.They splashed out on new office furniture. NOT They splashed it out. Note:Â  All phrasal verbs containing more than one particle are inseparable. Example: Ive put up with the situation for more than two years. Tip:Â  If you are not sure whether a phrasal verb is separable or inseparable, ALWAYS use a noun or nouns phrase and DO NOT separate. In this manner, you will always be correct! Separable Phrasal Verbs Related to Money Each phrasal verb is grouped into a category and marked S for separable or I for inseparable. Notice that most of the phrasal verbs are separable and used in informal situations. The following phrasal verbs are related to spending money. They are all rather informal and shouldnt be used in formal documents. to lay out - Sto splash out - Ito run up - Sto fork out - Sto shell out - Sto cough up - S Paying Debts These phrasal verbs are related to paying debts and can be used in more formal communications, as well as in informal situations. to pay back - Sto pay off - S Saving Money These phrasal verbs are related to saving money and tend to be used in informal situations. to save up - Sto put aside - S Using Saved Money The phrasal verbs are related to spending money that has been saved and are used in informal situations. to dip into - Ito break into - I Helping Someone With Money The phrasal verbs are related to helping someone with money and are used in informal situations. to bail out - Stide over - S Continue Learning Phrasal Verbs Teachers can use this introducing phrasal verbs lesson plan to help students become more familiar with phrasal verbs and start building phrasal verb vocabulary. If you are learning phrasal verbs, this guide in how to study phrasal verbs will help you develop a strategy to understand and learn phrasal verbs. Finally, there are a wide variety of phrasal verb resources on the site to help you learn new phrasal verbs and test your understanding with quizzes.

ICE Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ICE Paper - Essay Example In fact, he estimated that 70% of the oil is made up of imports. The fact that oil is the key driver of the American economy, it cannot go without saying that a significant share of our energy resources is derived from other countries. This is not only detrimental to our economy, but to the environment and national security as well. Pickens comes up with a raft of proposals that will help this country to reduce its foreign oil imports by a third. He believes that this is a necessary course since the global demand for oil is increasing by the day if the emergence of China and India is anything to go by. To begin with, Pickens proposes the use of Wind Power. This is because he considers wind to be not only renewable and clean, but it is 100% domestic as well. In addition, America has the largest wind reserves as opposed to any other country across the globe. By doing this, it will take the â€Å"energy generated by wind and using it to replace a significant percentage of the natural gas that is now being used to fuel our power plants.† In other words, the use of wind energy will go a long way in ensuring that the natural gas is solely used as a transportation fuel. More often than not, natural gas is considered as the form of energy that can sustain the transportation sector by virtue of it being clean, ch eap, and in abundance. By taking this route, it will drive more efforts towards the development and manufacture of natural-gas-powered vehicles (Levi, 56). Furthermore, our dependence on wind energy will help to plug the deficit of unemployment. In the process, this new development will be a major investment â€Å"in the heartland, creating room for hundreds of thousands of jobs† in the next few decades. This move will create an avenue for use of other sources of energy such as biomass, solar, and ethanol. Taking a step in this direction will save the country from

Cuneiform and Pictograms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cuneiform and Pictograms - Research Paper Example Indeed, it is certain that Cuneiform and pictograms are the gateway of the normal symbols that are palpable in our everyday life as it all started thousands of years ago. As a one of the greatest contributors to Cuneiform development, the Sumerians developed this early form of civilization writing using pictures. Later the Babylonians and Assyrians adopted the use of Cuneiform as a system of writing. As an ancient form, of writing Cuneiform entailed the use of wooden reeds on pieces of clay that were used to impress shapes on the moist clay tablets evidently in Mesopotamia. This mode of writing used wedged shaped stylus as a means of making impressions on the tablets that were made up of stones, metal, clay, or wax. However, the clay tablets were mainly used, as they were cheap and easily available. On the contrary, the clay tablets tended to be more fragile because of the tablets being sun-baked. There are different forms of wedges as they ranged in their various shapes from upright wedges, horizontal wedges, and the most common diagonal wedges through the frequently interchanging of slopping wedge. The Cuneiform impressions that were left by the pictogram, which was being imposed on the tablet left the stylus on the tablet as wedged shape thus, the up rise of the name wedge-writing that was significantly another name of Cuneiform writing. It is notable that after the pieces of clay tablets dried up the preservation of the information was achievable through maintain ace of remarkable accuracy and durability levels. It is because of this reason that hundreds of cuneiform tablets are evidently widely spread all over the world (Radner, and Robson 60). However, in instances where the information was not needed in terms of their permanency the tablets were recycled as they were remolded again. Archeologists established that a majority of the tablets found from the debris and archives were baked especially as they found them in the building where the armies burnt it down. Majority of the museums and private collections still hold the tablets up to date as a form of history. Individuals who utilized this form of writing were Egyptians who have had thousands of clay tablets safely stored discovered in Egypt. The use of the tablets in Cuneiform writing began as a system of writing symbols as a way of expressing the ideas commonly rather than the use of in sounds that they felt a need of noting them down for remembrance. Majorly the information that was featured in these tablets were those of business activities that needed recording in order to act as evidence against a transaction that transpired between two parties (Radner, and Robson 61). In addition, other tablets included information traceable back to the field of medicine as there is evidence of tablets with medical texts imposed on them besides other subjects. Cuneiform form of writing developed later into alphabetic syllabus through the Babylonians and Assyrians who were primarily dominan t in the in Egypt during the middle of the third millennium. As a result, the form of Cuneiform writing shifted from being mainly featured in the field of business and medicine as it spread into other areas of writing. This change is more significant as there is evidence of cuneiform scripts use in the representation of texts that are from various fields of several languages. These languages include those of the ancient ones that are more

Domestic Violence Against Women Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence Against Women Essay Various types of relationships exist between men and women. The status of women has endured a constant change; thus changing the way they are perceived by others in relationships. Despite numerous healthy relationships experienced, there are those which have negative consequences to those involved; one such relationship is that regarding domestic violence. The term domestic violence according to Walker and Gavin refers to â€Å"an intimate relationship between two adults in which one partner uses a pattern of assault and intimidating acts to assert power and control over the other partner† (Walker Gavin, 2011). Within the context of this paper, domestic violence will refer to violent relationships between men and women where it is the women who are victimized. The purpose of this paper is tri-fold: (1) to address the development of domestic violence; and (2) to examine various attitudes regarding domestic violence; and (3) to discuss ways in which society is dealing with the issue of domestic violence. Emergence and Development According to feminists, strong patriarchal values held within a society are linked with increased risk of harm towards women (Watto, 2009, p. 561). Patriarchy exists in most societies worldwide (Watto, 2009, p. 563). The term patriarchy refers to the father having full authority of his family (Romito, 2008, p. 30). Within society’s retaining this belief system, the wife and children are the father’s property (Romito, 2008, p. 146). Many findings have developed according to Totten. He found: 1) labor divided by sexual division to be normal; 2) men are to conquer women as sexual objects; 3) abusive behavior is a justified means for resolving conflict and 4) women should respect, obey and depend on men (Totten, 2003, p. ). Thus, one can conclude that family violence is linked to the ideology of patriarchy (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 123). As well, it is important to note that we live in a society which religion is prevalent, the church agrees with patriarchy (L. Walker, personal communication, October 3rd, 2011). Duffy Momiov (1997) state: Their histories are united in the longstanding moral obligation of men, as comma nded by the Church, to ensure that their wives and children behave themselves properly. Male violence may be legitimately employed to ensure such behavior. It is the patriarch’s Christian duty to â€Å"save their souls† (p. 123). Furthermore, considering society and the church agreed with the ideology of patriarchy, one can conclude that domestic violence was a private issue and was unheard or spoken of. The division of labor which has strong historical roots in society contributes to women being victimized. During the Industrial Revolution, men were seen as responsible for making the wage to support the family and the women was responsible for her role in the home as housekeeper and mother (Hutchings, 1992). Unfortunately, according to Hutchings (1992), a man may seek to have more power by abusing his wife if he feels as though he is lacking employment in his occupation. It is the male’s financial contributions into his home that gives him the opportunity to abuse his wife (Hutchings, 1992). Contributing Factors Leading to Domestic Violence as an Issue Domestic violence against women would never have become an issue if it wasn’t for the development of feminism (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 23). Feminism is divided into different waves. The two waves which had a connection to the development of an issue of violence against women were one and two. It was prior to the development of the second wave of feminism, that domestic violence against women was thought to be a private issue that did not warrant a concern from the public (Blanchfield, Margesson, Seelke, 2009, pg 1). The first wave occurred in Britain during the years of 1870-1930, it was concerned with women’s citizen rights and the right to vote; this wave lead to women gaining these rights (Charles, 2000, p. 22). Within this wave, women were concerned with being granted the vote (Crow Gotell, 2009, p. 9). The second wave of feminism emerged in North American and Western Europe during the 1960’s and focused on women’s liberation (Charles, 2000, p. 1). During this wave, the feminists came to believe that the state had the ability to demolish policies which affected women thus granting them certain rights (Charles, 2000, p. 5). Goals of the second wave were highlighted by Charles and deal with women raising domestic violence as an issue. He states: During the 1970s, the movement formulated seven demands. These were for equal pay; equal education and job opportunities; free contraception and abortion on demand; free 24-hour urseries; financial and legal independence; an end to all discrimination against lesbians and a woman’s right to define her own sexuality; freedom from intimidation by threat or use of violence or sexual coercion, regardless of marital status, and an end to all laws, assumptions and institutions which perpetuate male dominance and men’s aggression towards women (Charles, 2000, p. 1). Successes were gained from the development of feminism. Male privilege was partially removed with the success of the feminist movements (Crow Gotell, 2009, p. 59). Women’s opportunities increased in relation to jobs, benefits, education, independence and affluence (Crow Gotell, 2009, p. 173). Due to women’s gain of independence, they raised their expectations of men and were more unwilling to excuse unacceptable male behavior (Crow Gotell, 2009, p. 173). With the changing of expectations held by women, domestic assault and rape laws were changes and policies which banned harassment in the workplace were created and made common (Crow Gotell, 2009, p. 59). Addressing the Issue The 1960’s give rise to the battered women’s movement (Schneider, 1991). Prior to the development of women’s movement, battering of women was not recognized (Schneider, 1991). This movement viewed battering as a result of gender relations which reflected female subordination and male power (Schneider, 1991). This movement strived to decrease the silence surrounding the issue of abused women and decrease society’s tolerance of the acts (Crow Gotell, 2009, p. 170). Furthermore, this movement has provided public education to increase awareness, services to those involved and constructed legal remedies to address and stop the abuse (Schneider, 1991). Due to the increased awareness of abuse against women, the Government of Canada has made an effort to decrease the occurrence. During May of 1981, the London Police were the first Canadian police department to implement laying charges regarding spousal assault (Department of Justice, 2009). According to the Department of Justice (2009), In May 1982, the House of Commons’ Standing Committee on Health, Welfare and Social Affairs tabled its report, Report on Violence in the Family—Wife Battering. In it, the committee noted that police training (at that time) generally instructed against the arrest of a batterer unless he was actually found hitting the victim or unless the victim had suffered injuries that were â€Å"severe enough to require a certain number of stitches. During July of 1982, the House of Commons suggested that Parliament push all police to lay charges for acts of wife beating considering they lay charges for other forms of assault (Department of Justice, 2009). It was also suggested in 1983 by the Federal Provincial Task Force on Justice for Victims of Crime that there be written guidelines developed to direct officers to treat wife assault as a crime and that the act of prosecution be made without the woman’s consent (Department of Justice, 2009). Guidelines were issued to Crown prosecutors and police as to how to deal with spousal abuse by 1986 from the Attorneys General and Solicitors General (Department of Justice, 2009). These guidelines required police to file charges if they had reasonable grounds to believe the women had been assaulted (Department of Justice, 2009). The Government of Canada has been making adjustments to current bills. Bill C-15 was reintroduced in March of 2001 with the proposal of increasing the sentence of criminal harassment to ten years from the previous five year sentence (Department of Justice, 2009). Bill C-79 had been amended in December of 1999, to facilitate victim’s participation as well as that of the witnesses during the process of criminal justice (Department of Justice, 2009). For example, before the accused can be released on bail, the safety of the victim must be taken into account (Department of Justice, 2009). Bill C-27 was reformed and enforced in May of 1997; it redefined the definition of criminal harassment (Department of Justice, 2009). During a sentencing of the accused, Bill C-27 also requires that the courts take breaching of court orders into consideration (Department of Justice, 2009). Bill C-41 which discusses sentencing was amended in 1996; thus allowing women to seek compensation for expenses accumulated from the needing to leave their house due to the abuse. (Department of Justice, 2009). Bill C-42 was reinforced during February of 1995; thus making it easier for victims to receive peace bonds. Individuals and the police are now able to request a peace bond on a victim’s behalf who is at risk of harm (Department of Justice, 2009). The penalty for violating a peace bond has been raised from half a year to two years (Department of Justice, 2009). The final bill reformed was Bill C-126 which created a new charge of criminal harassment known as anti-stalking (Department of Justice, 2009). Shelter programs have been a way of society trying to help women of domestic violence (Koss, White Kazdin, 2011, p. 185). These programs have advanced a lot since they were introduced. Early shelters were only able to offer temporary support in the form of beds (Koss, White Kazdin, 2011, p. 185). Fortunately, shelter programs have advanced to offer more immediate services to the victims. Today, many of the programs offer emergency shelter, support groups, crisis lines which are open 24/7, counseling services, programs for children and advocacy for the victims (Koss, White Kazdin, 2011, p. 185). Fortunately, shelters have educated victims on their rights and options, taught them about community resources, shown them additional safety strategies and given them hope for the future (Sullivan, O’Halloran Lyon, 2008). First response teams are in place to provide safety to victimized women. The team usually consists of social workers and/or trained advocates who assist police officers during or shortly after domestic violence arrests occur (Koss, White Kazdin, 2011, p. 185). These teams promote the message to abusers that legal consequences result from their harmful behavior and they also educate victims about resources and community services available (Koss, White Kazdin, 2011, p. 185). Discussion There are many ways in which society suffers from domestic violence against women. Family relationships suffer severely when women endure these unhealthy relationships (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 6). Family members are harmed as well (Duffy Momirov, 19997, p. 6); for example: observing violence can affect the observer in a physical, mental, and/or emotional manner. Victims of the violence may feel humiliated (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 6). One reason a victim may feel humiliated is that the abuser is a loved one for whom they trust (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 6). The humiliation is usually experienced not only by the victim but also the accused but this may occur at differing times (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. ). The victim is likely to experience shame due to the belief that they are being attacked (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 6). Considering society doesn’t want to experience negative emotions, the victims and/or accusers may try to avoid the feeling of shame thus leading to the possibility of them becoming violent (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 6). The act of violence also affects those who witness it (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 6). Those who have witnessed violence and then engage in relationships with others are likely to realize that their relationships are tainted (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. ). Due to these tainted relationships, institutions such as the police, the penal system, social services and the courts get involved with the issue to try and break the cycle (Duffy Momirov, 19997, p. 6). Individuals fail to intervene in conflicts of domestic violence due to existent stereotypes. Many people still feel as though the issue is still a private matter, should only be dealt and discussed within the family and this it is a minor offence (Berry, 2000, p. 23). Unfortunately, people also believe they are helpless and cannot stop it issue from occurring (Berry, 2000, p. 3). Many people still believe that the issue is rare, thus they may train them self to believe it isn’t really occurring (Berry, 2000, p. 22). It is believed by some that women are naturally passive and men are to be inherently aggressive, therefore abuse is inevitable and part of human nature (Berry, 2000, p. 23). Some believe that the women provoke the violence through getting angry at the man, nagging, or speaking their minds; thus leading to the women deserving to be beaten (Berry, 2000, p. 22). Furthermore others believe it is a problem due to increased poverty or stress, thus making it limited to those of a lower class (Berry, 2000, 23). Despite the negative consequences women face in these abusive relationships with men, some choose to not seek help. Many women may feel as though they are forced to stay in these relationships to avoid becoming a lone mother living a life of poverty (Crow Gotell, 2009, p. 85). One can understand why women may fear becoming victims of poverty because despite their wages increasing, they still earn far less than men (Crow Gotell, 20009, p. 5). Walikhanna (2009) has many thoughts of why women stay: 1) women may keep the issue silent for the sake of their children 2) education or training may be lacking thus they are dependent on the man 3) they may believe the abuse is part of their fate or a way of living (p. 72). The women may fear the man will seek revenge (Department of Justice, 2009). Victims may live in isolated communities or face communication, cultural or language barriers (Department of Justice, 2009). Furthermore, these are but few of the reasons the issue is still prevalent thus the authorities are unable to intervene. Sometimes strategies engaged prove to be ineffective. During the beginning of an abusive relationship, the women usually employ various strategies to diminish the violence (Denmark, Rabinowitz Sechzer, 2005, p. 398). They may call the police, seek the help of family members or the church, turn to their doctors or try to change their characteristics which the man criticizes (Denmark, Rabinowitz Sechzer, 2005, p. 396). Unfortunately, they men will find other ways to criticize the women, the police may only diffuse the present situation, family members and/or the church may advise the women to do everything in the relationship to salvage their families and doctors may respond to the women with sleeping pills, antidepressants and tranquilizers (Denmark, Rabinowitz Sechzer, 2005, p. 396). Future Outcome Despite all the changes society has implemented, more needs to be done to make this issue non-existent. Lots of cases in which the women are abused go unreported to police but fortunately the reported cases have increased (Department of Justice, 2009). Presently, the stigma once attached to women who admit to being victimized and seek help has declined (Berry, p. 22). Fortunately, as more stories make public awareness, their attitudes regarding the issue their attitudes are changing; they are becoming more aware of its detrimental effects as well as the negative consequences of not getting involved (Berry 1995). Community implemented programs attacking domestic violence has also seen amazing results (Berry, 1995, p. 27). The effectiveness of all future outreach programs depend on the communities attitudes (Sen, 1999, p. 37). It has been suggested that all money used to stop domestic violence has promoted the victim instead providing social solutions (Sen, 1999, p. 37). For Example: the accused are threatened with a jail sense instead of trying to change the man’s ideology which causes to seek power though the use of violence and intimidation (Sen, 1999, p. 37). Futhermore it has been thought that men who abuse women do not believe they are criminals; one study found that 80 percent of those accused has no previous contact with the law (Sen, 1999, p. 36). Unfortunately, recognizing an abuser is not easy (Walikhanna, 2009, p. 3), therefore one way of intervening in cases of domestic violence is being able to recognize the signs. Signs of a women being abused include: being anxious or afraid to please their man, doing everything he says, going along with what he does, women checking in with their partner often to report their actions, constant harassing telephone calls or the women discussing her partner as possessive, jealous or having a temper (Smith Segal, 2011). Signs of physical use include: having frequent accidental injuries, constant absences without explanations, and wearing clothing which hides marks (Smith Segal, 2011). Signs of isolation include: restrictions to see friends and family, limited access to credit cards, money or a vehicle and rarely being allowed in public without their partner. Furthermore, another type of abuse to observe for is psychological. Signs include: low self-esteem, depression, anxiousness, being suicidal and expression of drastic personality changes (Smith Segal, 2011). Despite various signs to observe to identify abuse, it is important to note that these are only signs, just because an individual is experiencing a sign does not mean she is a victim of abuse. These signs are only listed to better help society identify victims. Conclusion This paper discussed the changing of domestic violence from that of a private issue to becoming a public issue. Various attitudes, beliefs and interventions were also discussed. Feminists believe society’s emphasis on patriarchal values is linked to women being victimized by men (Watto, 2009, p. 561). Victimization of women is shown through the division of labour. The emergence of feminism lead to domestic violence of women becoming recognized as an issue (Duffy Momirov, 1997, p. 3). Feminism gained successes in relation to various issues. One of their great victory’s which had violence against women recognized as an issue arose from the battered women’s movement in the 1960’s (Schneider, 1991). Following increased awareness of the problem, the Government of Canada has implemented various interventions to try and rid the country of the problem. Not only are women victims in th is practice but so is society as a whole. Stereotypes are still present causing witnesses not to intervene. Some victims choose not to seek help despite the impact is has on them negatively. Unfortunately, there are victims who try to get help but are unsuccessful. Furthermore, despite all the progress made which deems this behavior unacceptable, it will continue to exist until more progress can be reached. In an effort to rid the future of the problem, emphasis needs to focus on society’s attitudes and beliefs as well as being able to recognize possible signs of abuse. Nevertheless, this will hopefully rid society of the issue and if not then hopefully make it one that is near non-existent.

Robinson Crusoe And Friday :: essays research papers

Robinson Crusoe and Friday Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Families, in the late 17th century, played an important role in the development of children. Since Robinson Crusoe left his family at a relatively young age, he was unable to see that people cared for him on a daily basis. To be set free, a person is able to live on their own without being told what to do and when to do it, with the government being the exception in that you have to do what they tell you to do. Crusoe fails to set Friday free because, Friday is the closest thing to a brother he’s had in about thirty years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crusoe resembles a big brother trying to teach a younger sibling how to talk or comprehend what’s going on. He say’s â€Å"Made it my business to teach him everything that as proper to make him speak, and understand me when I spake.† Crusoe takes on the role of the big brother, and Friday takes on the role as the younger brother. Younger brothers usually look up to their big brothers and want to be just like them. I believe this is why Crusoe wants to teach Friday. It gives Crusoe the feeling of being greatly admired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the title character teaching Friday how to talk, this signifies that they are coming together more as a â€Å"family† and are able to be more productive and efficient together. Communication is a huge barrier, and by them developing common grounds they are able to understand where one another are coming from. This helped give complete understanding of each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crusoe taught Friday to do more than just communicate, he taught him how to hunt and harvest food.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And let me know that he thought I had much more labour upon me on his   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  account than I had for my self; and that he would work the harder for me,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if I would tell him what to do.† (Page 156) He taught Friday to do these things because he cared for him. He wanted Friday to be able to support himself in more than one way in case something was to happen to one of his food resources. It is an older brother’s duty to teach siblings how to be independent of others. He does this because, more than likely, there won’t always be somebody around to take care of him his whole life.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During a long lecture, Crusoe teaches Friday about God and his religion.

Orapronobis Case Study Essay

Vigilantes, rebels, ordinary citizens and the government – this is what the film consists of with dry barren lands, unpaved roads and small town as the setting. This is a situation where peace and freedom is difficult to achieve. Nowadays, we are already modernized, living lives in the city and not wondering if this still occurs. Us teens do not really bother what’s with other parts of the country, we only live in a small world, mostly in cyber world but only focusing on entertainment and fun. But does the scene shown in the film really present today? In the story, it was Marcos’ regime when the foreign priest was shot by the so-called orapronobis just because of complaining on what they are doing. At the time martial law ended, our country became democratic and people were non-violent with the lead of Corazon Aquino. That is what everyone thought. But the film just showed me that it is not. It is just orapronobis had been considered vigilantes so the church and the government do not really interfere with their laws and acts even they still kill innocent people. Innocent or rebel, it is still not right to just arrest someone without any proof who they really are as a citizen. Many families had suffered for the loss of a relative especially Jimmy who had been an ex-priest, ex-rebel and advocate for Human Rights, whom his ex-girlfriend back then together with his son got inhumanely killed by Commander Kontra. Now, this moment where Aquino is our president, we do not focus about this matter. We are too busy minding our own lives. There are no news reports about this. But after I had watched the film, I feel a little upset with how our government works. They are too much busy making our country as wealthy as possible not thinking on some poor rural areas where groups such as orapronobis still exist and many men, women and children were brutally killed. I personally did not think that this is still happening but as I had heard on the forum done after the film showing, it really is. It is just media cannot reach this poor areas as well as the government. But it is not right. One’s life is still a life, and it is important. Many lives need justice and these instances needed to stop. I know it is difficult but as this kind of show had been watched by every citizen, there might be some changes. So this must be spread to everyone to make a change!

Kodak Essay

Foreword During 2011, Kodak was under intense pressure to survive in the digital imaging business. As professor Burley describes, ‘Kodak was caught in a perfect storm of not only technological, but also social and economic change’ (Neate, 2012). As of Thursday 19 January 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy protection (Neate, 2012) and has until 2013 to reshape its business and exit out of the bankruptcy plan (Business Spectator, 2012). Introduction Eastman Kodak (Kodak) was once a leader (Finnerty, 2000) and legendary brand in the photographic film industry (Associated Press, 2011b). It used the catchy slogan â€Å"You press the button, we do the rest† (Kodak, 2011) to successfully market its digital camera products. It employed as many as 145,300 people and sales as high as $16 billion when it monopolized the US photography industry and became number one in the industry in 1988 (Dobbin, 2011). Recently, Kodak lost 90 percent of its market value (Weiss, 2011) and is facing the threat of extinction (Associated Press, 2011b). In this case study, we propose and defend a recommended strategic direction for the company to implement in the next three to five years based on a balanced assessment of the company’s options. We first conduct a detailed analysis of Kodak’s internal and external environments to understand the opportunities and threats facing the company. Analysis Kodak has tried to transform itself from an aged old film technology business into a fast and digital cultured business but has failed as a result of decline in sales in the United States (Deutsch, 2004). It is still trying to play catch-up with rivals (Associated Press, 2011b) such as Canon, Sony and HP for the past 15 years. Its current products and services span across digital cameras, inkjet printers, sensors, retail kiosks, workflow and business process services and software through to consumer, professional photographic film, paper processing chemicals and industrial materials such  as films for printed circuit boards (Kodak, 2010). Through the help of drug and discounts stores, Kodak was able to add self-service kiosks to encourage people to print their own digital photos (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak formed strategic joint ventures with companies like Sanofi, AOL online (Grant, 2005), and most recently in 2007 Cinelabs (Beijing) Ltd (Kodak, 2007). It has tried to acquire several s maller successful companies such as Ofoto and Practice works to fill in the missing pieces of technology and markets that it did not have capabilities in (Deutsch, 2004). Strengths Kodak has several strengths to distinguish itself from rivals. Kodak has superior brand recognition (Aaker, 1992; Deutsch, 2004; Grant, 2005) as compared to rival brands such as Agfa based on US consumer reports (Simonson et al., 1994). Its brand was supported by its massive worldwide distribution presence through retail photography stores, film processors and professional photographers which provided Kodak with the competitive advantage (Grant, 2005). Kodak leads in the higher-end photo quality camera segment (Smith, 1999) where it launched its major innovations in imaging (Grant, 2005). Traditionally, Kodak has strengths in photofinishing services and consumables such as paper, ink and chemical technology (Grant, 2005). This is derived from a rich portfolio of 11,000 patents (Associated Press, 2011b) derived from a strong R&D investment during the early 1980s (Grant, 2005). Kodak was financially secure with cash flows flowing from its existing photography business during the early 1990s (Grant, 2005). Weaknesses On the other hand, Kodak has weaknesses. Kodak avoided taking risks, they were not innovative enough and relied on existing procedures and policies to maintain standards (Gavetti et al., 2005). They were slow to bring new products to market (Grant, 2005). Its retail network of stores was a depreciating asset due to the increase use of home computers, email and print technologies (Grant, 2005). Kodak focused too heavily on the extremely competitive entry-level market and failed to develop innovative products fast enough (Grant, 2005). Its product development and sales departments were fragmented and scattered over many divisions (Gavetti et al., 2005). Subsequently, Kodak’s middle managers were resistant to change and did not understand the digital world (Gavetti et al., 2005; Lucus & Goh, 2009).  Kodak managers ignored analysis work based on information gained from Kodak’s eroding market share (Gavetti et al., 2005). Kodak managers lacked vision and strategy (Gavetti et al., 2005). Opportunities A few opportunities exist for Kodak. It can build consumer trust in digital that Kodak already has in film (Smith, 1999). Kodak could focus on its core business and develop new technologies (Gavetti et al., 2005) and new products (Deutsch, 2004). Threats However, Kodak will suffer long term threats to its core franchise in the film business if it does not extend its brand name to digital (Smith, 1999). IBISWorld forecasts the demand for physical photographs would fall due to improvements in digital technology (IBISWorld, 2011). Kodak has been in battles with other competitors such as Sony over patent infringements (Deutsch, 2004; Associated Press, 2011a). It has been struggling with a price war between strong competitors such as Fuji Photo Film (Smith, 1999) in the photographic film industry. Industry analysis – Porter’s five forces Threat of Entry An analysis of the industry using Porter’s five forces shows that threat of new entry is moderate. Significant investment in capital would be required to enter a new industry (Select Knowledge, 2001) such as the digital imaging and photography industry. Printing equipment such as hardware, software, photographic paper and chemicals is estimated to be 45.7% of purchases versus wages at 26.8% of revenue (IBISWorld, 2011). New entrants would lack experience and knowledge in key areas of digital imaging and photography such as technical and business knowledge (Greenwood, 2008). Buyer power The buying power of consumers is high especially for consumer electronics (Skoloda, 2009). Buyers are given a range of differentiated digital camera products from a number of companies (IBISWorld, 2010). They expect better offerings and customization of goods and services (Fraser, 2007). Supplier power Supplier power is low. A lot of the suppliers are located around the world  both locally and internationally. Kodak has several supplier contracts spanning one to three years (Kodak, 2010). However, there are single or limited sources of finished goods manufactured and purchased by the company’s third party suppliers which may pose a risk for the organization (Kodak, 2010). Unique suppliers can reduce industry profitability (McGuigan et al., 2010). Threat of substitution The threat of substitutes is high. Companies are quick to match specifications, features and pricing (Select Knowledge, 2001). There are minimal switching costs between brands or substitutes as buyers can change to new updated models based on reasonable buyer perception (Select Knowledge, 2001). Competitive rivalry Competitive rivalry is high. Kodak’s faces intense competition from rivals such as start-ups (Grant, 2005; IBISWorld, 2010; Smith, 1999;) and major competitors are Canon, Fuji Photo Film, Hewlett Packard (HP), Nikon and Sony (Gavetti et al., 2005). Similarly, Kodak is competing in similar segments with rivals – Hewlett-Packard (HP) to provide digital printing technology to consumers and commercial businesses (Weiss, 2011). Kodak (2010) states that competitive pricing and rising commodity prices has contributed to the negative results for 2010 across its prepress solutions, digital capture and devices, and entertainment imaging (Kodak, 2010). External Analysis There are several external (political and legal, economical, socio-cultural and technological) factors which impact Kodak’s business model. Political and legal  Laws and government environmental regulations have an impact to the way Kodak operates in several different countries. For example, U.S federal legislations such as the Toxic substances control act, clean air and water act etc. impact the way Kodak manufactures products and process waste for proper disposal (Kodak, 2010). In 2003, it needed to form a committee to reduce odours which descended towards nearby neighborhoods (Kodak, 2006). Economical From an economical view, the decline in prices has made it affordable for  consumers to purchase digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010). However, forecasts show that standalone digital cameras have reached a state of market saturation with little room for future growth (IBISWorld, 2010). Socio-cultural and Technological Digital cameras became an integrated and standard feature in mobile phones (IBISWorld, 2010). Increasing trends show that consumers are taking and sharing photos on mobile phones daily (Okabe, 2004). The archiving and exchange functions for photos have been facilitated by online communities and social practices (Scifo, 2009), such as Facebook (Upbin, 2011), and mobile social-media applications (Naaman et al., 2005). Intense competition between rivals is expected for new 3D camera technology on mobile phones (AFP, 2010). Strategy, approaches & implications In order for Kodak to sustain a competitive advantage, it needs to strategically transform its entire business model around to capture new and unique growth opportunities. There are several options which Kodak can explore to achieve this strategy. The options below focus on structural changes in the industry and resources (skills and capabilities) in the organisation. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) Kodak can reconstruct the organisation using business process re-engineering practices. Its current traditional photographic business is vertically integrated (Grant, 2005). The organisation can be redesigned from a vertically to a horizontally integrated organisation through process-oriented organizational restructuring, offering a more low-level flat organisational structure (Wu & Li, 2011). The result gives improved efficiency and business simplification (Wu & Li, 2011) for Kodak to compete effectively in a tough competitive environment where it needs to quickly deliver innovative products out to market. Kodak can focus on its real core competencies in film chemistry, production and processing (Garrett, 2010), so that it can create new markets, products and services. BPR gives obvious benefits such as the reduction in complex bureaucracy in the organisation (Wu & Li, 2011). However, as cited by Greenberg (2002), there are limitations in BPR such as resistance to change, lack of ma nagement support etc. (Schniederjans & Kim, 2003). Rebranding Other opportunities exists for Kodak, it can change its name from Eastman Kodak Company to say Kodak Communication (Deutsch, 2004), or as Hopelain suggests, it will need to establish a separate Kodak Technology brand (Deutsch, 2004). An organisation’s strategy and operations will be potentially impacted by the scope of corporate rebranding (Burke et al., 2011). Stakeholder commitment needs to be achieved for the revised brand to be successful (Burke et al., 2011). It will involve staff in planning for proposed changes and training employees for changes (Burke et al., 2011). Any rebrand will impact the value of the brand (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Rebranding will involve a lot of communication and stakeholder involvement (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Poor corporate rebranding can be a high risk (Davis & Baldwin, 2006) for the organisation where core values may not integrate well into the new brand (Burke et al., 2011). Leadership and organisational learning Kodak will need to train staff, especially managers in weak areas on vision and strategy (Gavetti et al., 2005). For example, managers can be taught ‘design methods’, to generate growth, evolve, and react as the marketplace (Rahim & Rahim, 2009) and user needs changes so that the business model can evolve to bypass extinction (Fraser, 2007). Similarly, Apple evolved with the user to new opportunities, it did not live to the constraints of its current business model (Fraser, 2007). Subsequently, Kodak will need to discontinue some of its products, especially in saturated markets such as digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010) where profit margins are low (Pride & Ferrell, 2007) and competition is fierce. It can better utilise its resources and real core competencies (Garrett, 2010) to make it difficult to imitate its products (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990) and demonstrate leadership. However, leaders would need to be able to influence teams indirectly through climate and culture in t he organisation (Kaiser et al., 2008). Technology enabled transformations will affect the importance of organisational culture (Lucus & Goh, 2009) where hierarchy and standards provides resistance to disruptive technologies (Lucus & Goh, 2009). Joint ventures and outsourcing Kodak can form joint ventures with other companies. It can create new emerging industries or new value propositions, alliances and collaboration – to be form by complementing and adding to its capabilities and resources (Camillus, 2000). It can capitalise heavily on its existing patent portfolio (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak will need to outsource a lot more of its manufacturing (Deutsch, 2004), while part-time and casual staff can lead to the reduction of labour costs (IBISWorld, 2011). Extreme care needs to be taken where processes of high strategic importance should not be outsourced (Sounderpandian & Sinha, 2007). The result will allow Kodak, to develop new competencies for future developments and sustain the importance of long-term success (Utterback, 1995). Recommendation To sustain competitive advantage, Kodak needs to strategically transform its entire business model around to capture new and unique growth opportunities. It is recommended that Kodak, take the BPR and organisational learning approach, to improve efficiency and simplify the organisation; leadership to communicate and influence vision and change (Bolman & Deal, 2008); to capture new business models and better match user needs and economic value (Fraser, 2007). Larsen & Leinsdorff (1998) research suggests that BPR and organisational learning work well together (Larsen & Leinsdorff, 1998). Though, developing a coherent strategy is not going to be easy for a digital imaging business (Grant, 2005) like Kodak. It will be Kodak’s last chance to ‘reinvigorate their human capital to get ahead of the curve’ (Fraser, 2007, p.67).

Entrepreneurship And Special Interest Tourism The WritePass Journal

Entrepreneurship And Special Interest Tourism Abstract Entrepreneurship And Special Interest Tourism ). A key segment of the tourism sector that has gained increasing importance over the past few years is Special Interest Tourism (SIT). SIT has come to be recognized as a key contributor to this sector. According to estimates by Mintel (2002), over one-third of British consumers have either participated or engaged in a special interest holiday. Evidence by Shaw Williams (2002) has also shown that SIT is dominated by small businesses. Page et al. (1999) has further pointed out that small business are at the cornerstone of tourism development in local economies and that most travelers would come into SMTEs operating services. This raises a fundamental question: why does SIT appeal to small business enterprises? This paper seeks to address this question by exploring on SIT and SMTEs operations in the industry. The paper also details some of the management problems that might be facing such businesses during their early operations. Before exploring further, it is worthwhile defining the terms: Special interest tourism and Small Tourism Enterprises. Special interest tourism concept SIT has been given a varied set of definitions. Hall Weiler (1992) proposed that SIT occurs when the decision and motivation to travel are primarily determined by a particular special interest. Derrett (2001), Swarbrooke Horner (1999) and Douglas et al. (2001) expanded on this definition by characterizing SIT as a form of tourism: motivated by the desire to engage in new or existing interests undertaken for a distinct purpose or reason That is line with the principles of sustainability. In simple terms, Special Interest Tourism refers to the provision of customized tourism activities that cater for the needs and interests of individuals and groups. Ecotourism is a prime example of special interest tourism. For example, in Brazil, ecotourism has become very popular due to biological and scenic diversity. Ecotourism and special interest travel is experiencing a rapid growth in Brazil as the two major aspects of segmented tourism (MacDonald 2012). This new class of travelers has in the recent years transformed the tourism industry and changed the trend in tourism from the traditional holidays that characterized mass tourism to more specific prestige holidays (Poitevin 2012). Global warming has also given rise to a new niche in tourism. With the melting of icecaps and vanishing of coral reefs, a new nice tourism has developed (Climate tourists) whose primary motives to travel are driven by a special interest (Poitevin 2012). Antarctica Diving Expedition is a prime example of this particular special interest tourism package offer. This type of special interest tourism appeals mainly to tourists whose motives of travel are educational. The Antarctica Diving Expedition offer tourists with a unique opportunity of sightseeing above and below water insights into the white continent (Poitevin 2012). The Antarctica Diving experience also allows tourists to explore the subjective components such as the wildlife and the associated adventurous features. As noted by Trauer (2006), the growth of the SIT sector reflects the changing trend of tourism from the traditional mass tourism to one driven by specific interests. Its importance in the tourism market is evident by its remarkable growth in various countries. Studies by McKercher Chan (2005) have shown that 81% of US adults who travel are historic /cultural travelers. The number of SIT tourists has been found to be more than other tourists, with their stays even longer (Mackay et al. 2002). Small and Medium Tourist Enterprises (SMTEs) Having defined special interest tourism, it is equally important to understand what we mean by small business tourism enterprises. For the purpose of this analysis, we define SMTEs as comprising of all business in the tourism industry which are small by nature, owned and managed by sole operators and which employ up to 50 employees (Buhalis 1996). There is now an emerging consensus that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have an important role to play in the tourism industry. For example, in New Zealand, SMTEs play an important role of economic development, contributing to the social fabric of the local communities (MacDonald 2011). Similarly, the Australian tourism industry is dominated by small businesses that employ not more than 20 workers. 88% of the businesses in hospitality sector (restaurants, cafes and accommodations) comprise of the small businesses. Also, the cultural and recreational service sector in Australia is dominated by small businesses, with over 96% of the businesses comprising of the SMEs (Breen ). These small tourism businesses have a sizeable influence on tourism experience and the ability to offer personalized products to Niche markets (Macleod 2003). Why SIT appeal to small businesses Ecotourism and other special interest travels are known for their connection to nature. It is precisely this reason that special interest tourism appeal for many of the small business enterprises. Larger organizations are known to be profit driven, often have little regard to sustainability development. On the other hand, the very fact that SMTEs are small by nature and locally owned implies that they are more sustainable. With regards to this, small enterprises are viewed one of the vehicles through which sustainability issues can be spread in the STI sector. The focus on small-scale, environmentally sensitive and locally owned developments has led to the development of small business enterprises in the SIT sector. The priori assumption is that given their relatively small nature and local ownership, then SMTEs are viewed as contributing towards sustainable development. Whilst there is some indication in tourism literature that small business enterprises improve sectoral linkages, there seems to be no comprehensive mechanism for evaluating their contribution to sustainability objectives. Researches which expressly address this connection are noticeably lacking (Roberts Tribe 2008). The priori assumption is that by being small and locally owned, SMTEs are automatically more environmentally focused than the larger enterprises. This is not necessarily true and in fact, some authors have questioned this automatic conclusion. Hamzah (1997) argues that despite the growing demand for small-scale accommodation in Malaysia, these small scale developments have deteriorated into grotesque enclaves, adversely affecting marine life and ecosystems. Nonetheless, there are many positive examples where small tourism entities have proved to be environmentally benign such as in the Maho Bay Resort in the US (Roberts Tribe 2008). Market liberalization and other aspects of globalization also play a critical role. Globalization impacts and the increased market liberalization have provided small business entrepreneurs with opportunities to tap into the growing SIT sector. Large businesses enterprises have always ignored market niches. On the other hand, the small business enterprises have reaped the benefits of market niches by identifying customer needs and tailoring new niche products for potential future customer segments in the tourism industry (Peters Buhalis 2004). Niche markets provide SMTEs with an attractive opportunity to compete with the larger enterprises and to dominate the SIT sector. Their desire to tap the latent consumer demand in niche markets is what has led to their dominance in the SIT sector. In fact, Hall Weiler (1992) conceptualizes SIT as a predecessor of Niche Tourism. However, the choice to pursue a niche market does not necessarily imply the success of the business. Similar to other business decisions, this decision requires critical assessment. Whilst niche markets may provide opportunities to tap into new and untapped resources, it requires different management skills in order to ensure success. Small business enterprises are also more flexible and can react quickly to the changing market demands. Their typical flat hierarchy management structure provides them with the opportunity to make decisions faster and to react promptly to market changes (Peters Buhalis 2004). And given the rapid changes of the SIT sector, it is not surprising that the sector remains largely dominated by SMTEs. However, McKercher Chan (2005) have challenged the importance of the SIT sector as a potential growth sector for SMTEs. They argue that whilst tourists participate in a range of activities at a tourist destination, this rarely translates into strong commercial opportunities. They also point out that tourists who visit certain destinations of special interest may do so for secondary reasons. For example, tourists who visit museums may not necessarily be cultural tourists and their visits could only be part of their wider tour. Although these arguments may have some relevance, there is need for further research to be done to confirm their assumptions. Challenges facing small business in early operations Indeed we have identified the vital role played by SMTEs in the tourism sector. We’ve also identified the reasons why the SIT sector is dominated by the SMTEs. Equally important to highlight are the challenges that these small business face in their early operations. Whilst, SMEs play a critical role in the growth of the SIT sector, it should be noted that they are more vulnerable to failure especially during their early years of operation. According to a study by Buhalis (2011), 40% of SMTEs fail within the first 3 years and close to 60% over the 10 year period. Despite their unmatched abilities to stimulate the growth of the tourism industry through rapid injection of cash into the sector, SMTEs are often typified by a lack of management expertise and strategic vision (Buhalis 1996). Their inability to utilize managerial tools to address their strategic problems is their major weakness. A key characteristic of SMTEs is their informal organizational structure. SMTEs operate informal organizational structures, wherein both the management and operations are run by the family of the proprietors. As such, family principles usually prevail over business practices, thereby causing managerial problems.   The lack of management expertise in SMTEs inevitably originates erratic production and delivery procedures which may impact negatively on customer satisfaction and jeopardize the image of the business (Buhalis 1996). With such informal organizational structures, irrational decisions may be made which may adversely affect the business. Marketing is yet another point of weakness. Not only are SMTES usually unaware of the marketing tools and techniques but are also product oriented, failing to understand the changing consumer needs. The lack of marketing research debilitates their knowledge of the changing needs of consumers and prevents them from improving their services (Buhalis 1996). Further, promotional activities of small businesses are usually ill-targeted, inconsistent and uncoordinated (Poitevin 2012). Most SMTEs thus tend to rely upon tourism intermediaries to promote their offerings. Their dependence on these intermediaries limits their control over their businesses. For example, European tour operators control accessibility to tourism destinations, especially given that they own most of the airlines. As such, intermediaries tend to reduce the bargaining power of SMTEs within the distribution channel (Buhalis 1996). Further, these weaknesses are magnified by the fact that most SMTEs are illiterate in IT, hence are not able to take advantage of opportunities in the emerging electronic markets. The illiteracy of SMTEs in IT can be seen with their under-representation in most computer reservation systems and global distribution systems (Buhalis et al. 2011). Their illiteracy prevents them from benefiting from emerging electronic markets and this ultimately endangers their competitiveness and market share. Perhaps the greatest weakness with SMTEs is their deficiency in managing the human resources. The small size and the seasonal nature of problems experienced by SMTEs provide little opportunities for employing professionals, offering staff training and competitive salaries (Poitevin 2012). As such, most of the SMTEs would tend to rely mostly on personal skills and staff enthusiasm and thus face competitive disadvantages over the larger enterprises which have all the required resources for employing proficient personnel. In light of these management problems, there are political issues that also come into play and which cannot be ignored. Despite the growth in demand of special interest tourism, it is striking to note that SMTEs have not been accorded the necessary support from the government. For example, a UK study by Simpson Docherty (2004) identified distrust of government agencies as impacting on a large number of SMTEs. Governments have a critical role to play in order to support SMTEs. As Elliot (1997) suggests, government is a marker of economic influence and plays a mandatory role as regulators in the market. Page (2003) further points out that governments should help SMTEs enhance their competitiveness through stimulation of new ideas and innovations, and by providing them with support and assistance at a fledgling stage. The reality however is quite the opposite. For example, in the UK, SMTEs are poorly treated. Whilst the UK government is pinning all its hopes on SMTEs and entrepreneurs to pull the local economy away from a double-dip recession, it is striking to note that these small businesses are poorly treated. Almost every year, SMTEs are overcharged by  £3.6bn for basic products and services, compared to what the larger enterprises are charged (Poetvin 2012). Robert Tribe (2008) further notes that in many special interest tourism destinations, little is known about the critical role played by SMTEs in the sustainability progress. In addition, SMTEs are generally politically weak, lacking a strong lobbying voice for protecting their interests (Poetvin 2012). Clearly, the challenges facing SMTEs are enormous. With the tourism sector growing more professional and given increased emphasis on quality management; SMTEs typical lack of a strategic vision, management and business expertise and their illiteracy in IT may become a liability to these businesses (Buhalis 1996). This necessitates the need for more strategic management schemes for SMTEs, strengthening their political voice and government support. Conclusion It is clear that the past few years have seen the growth of Special Interest Tourism. Over one-third of British consumers have either participated or engaged in a special interest holiday. A key feature of the SIT sector is the dominance of small business enterprises. The SIT sector has appealed to these businesses for a number of reasons. First, the focus on small-scale, environmentally sensitive and locally owned developments has led to the development of small business enterprises in the SIT sector. Second, small business have targeted market niches, identifying customer needs and tailoring new niche products for potential future customer segments. On the other hand, the large business enterprises have always ignored market niches. And thirdly, SMTEs are more flexible than large organizations and thus can react quickly to changing market demands.   However, a recent study by McKercher Chan (2005) has argued that whilst tourists may participate in a range of activities at a special interest tourist destination, this rarely translates to strong commercial opportunities. These assumptions are yet to be confirmed. SMTEs face a range of management challenges especially in their early operations. SMTEs typical lack of a strategic vision, management and business expertise and their illiteracy in IT are a major hindrance to their success. There is need to have in place strategic management schemes for SMTEs, establish a strong lobbying voice and government support. Nonetheless, SMTEs remain the cornerstone of tourism development. With tourists evolving toward seeking individualized and unique experienced as opposed to the traditional mass holidays, Special Interest Tourism will continue to gain more prominence. Reference Ali-Knight, J.M., 2011. The role of niche tourism products in destination development. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers, pp. 1-14. Breen, J., Bergin-Seers, S., Jago, L. and Carlsen, J., 2005. Small and medium tourism enterprises: the identification of good practice. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. 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Tourism Sustainability – Principles to Practice. Oxon: CAB International.acKay, K.J., Andereck, K.L, and Vogt, C.A., 2002. ‘Understanding vacationing motorist niche markets’. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), pp. 356-363. Macleod, D.V.L. (Ed.), 2003. Niche tourism in Question Interdisciplinary perspectives on problems and possibilities. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, Crichton publication. McKercher, B., and Chan, A., 2005. ‘How special is special interest tourism?’ Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), pp. 21-31. Mintel, 2002. Special Interest Holidays, Leisure Intelligence. Page, J., 2001. Tourism- a modern synthesis. 1st ed. London: Thompson Publishers. Page, S.J., 2003. Tourism Management Managing for change. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Peters, M. and Buhalis, D., 2004. Family hotel businesses: strategic planning and the need for education and training. England, UK: University of Surrey Poitevin, M., 2012. Following Antarctics tourism product: the general management challenges and issues facing small tourism enterprises (STEs). [viewed on 22nd July 2013] available from http://interestmeonit.weebly.com/1/post/2012/7/following-antarctics-tourism-product-the-general-management-challenges-and-issues-facing-small-tourism-enterprises-stes.html Roberts, S. and Tribe, J., 2008. Sustainability indicators for small tourism enterprises an exploratory perspective. University of Surrey, UK, Taylor Francis publishers. Shaw, G. and William, A., 2002: Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective. 2nd Edition. England: Blackwell Publishing. Simpson, M., and Docherty, A. J., 2004. ‘E-commerce adoption support and advice for UK SMEs’. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11, 315-328. Swarbrooke, J., and Horner, S., 1999. Consumer Behavior in Tourism. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. Trauer, B., 2006. ‘Conceptualizing special interest tourism frameworks for analysis’. Tourism Management, 27(2), pp. 183-200. World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC), 2012. Tourism in the UK contributes more to GDP than automotive manufacturing. [Viewed on 22nd July 2013] available from wttc.org/news-media/news-archive/2012/tourism-uk-contributes-more-gdp-automotive-manufacturing/

Banned and Censored Music

The discussion of whether or not the censorship of music is constitutionally sound has come about.   This problem has been around since the beginning of music in one way or another.   The fact of the matter is that there is technically no such thing as the censorship of music in the United States(Banned Music 1).   Although that is supposedly the case, that statement can be very misleading.   It is stated in the First Amendment of the United States   Constitution that every American is granted the Freedom Of Speech.   This includes all musicians.   Contrary to this statement, there has been a numerous amount of cases in which a song or music group has been banned of either their right to perform their act on stage, or the sale of their album has been condemned as   illegal.   The troubling fact about music censorship is that music is considered to be an art form, and there are certain laws set up to protect art from being censored. People should have the right to ch oose what type of music they want to listen to in this country. Plagiarism Detection >Censorship is the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do.   Censorship can affect books, newspapers, magazines, motion pictures, radio and television programs, and speeches.   (World Book 345)  Most of the early problems with the censorship of music came about in the early 1950s.   This was the first real era of rock and roll in America. In 1954 a Michigan Congresswoman tried to pass a bill that stated that the mailing of any explicit or pornographic album could lead to some hefty jail time, up to five years if convicted. When looking back, the 50s had some of the most laughable incidences when songs were banned.   There was a Billie Holiday song by the name of Love For Sale, none of the radio stations were allowed to play it because of its strong sexual content and its depiction of prostitution.   In even a funnier case there was a song by the name of Tran sfusion banned because it was felt that a blood transfusion was not a laughing matter.   Perhaps the most farcical form of censorship in the 50s came about in 1957 when Elvis Presley was scheduled to perform on the Ed Sullivan show.   Cameramen were instructed not to film any of Elviss lower body because his dancing was considered inappropriate for the viewing audience(Elvis To Ice-T 3). What is so offensive about that to have it censored from the public. Times have changed though, today we just sit back and laugh at that type of censorship.The 1960s brought about a new wave of censorship.   During the 1960s, popular music diversified, and so did the censors. Although the censorship supposedly diversified, the uncalled-for censorship of certain music continued.   In 1964 the state of Indiana banned the song Louie Louie because they felt that it had some sexual content in it.   But if you listen to the words it is obvious that sexual content is no where to be found. In 196 7, the Rolling Stones were forced to change the lyrics of a song in order to perform it on national television because, of course, it had sexual content.   The song was called Lets Spend The Night Together and they were forced to say Lets Spend Some Time Together. Later that decade John Lennon and Yoko Onos album Two Virgins featured a naked picture of the two.   These albums were confiscated before they even had a chance to hit the record stores.   There was one Chicago retailer shut down by the vice squad for carrying this album(The 1960s 1). A piece of art is destroyed if altered. What would Michael Angelos famous sculpture The Thinker be like if somebody carved clothes on to him.   it wouldnt be what he attended and therefore   the art piece would loose most of its significance.People often times do not get offended as easily as they use to. In the early 1990s an album released by Nirvana featured a naked baby on the cover.   There was very little controversy over t he cover and there was no ban of the record sale. Unlike the 1950s, the 60s proved to have a few more controversial topics. That goes to show how people change their views about morality as time passes.The 1970s proved to have just as many controversial cases about censorship, as the fifties and sixties.   In April of 1971 Officials in Illinois released a list of popular music that contained drug references.   The list included the popular childrens song Puff The Magic Dragon and the Beatles Yellow Submarine, (The 1970s 1) This is so absurd.   These officials must really have had a lot of time on their hands to sit around and turn around the words to these wonderful children songs. If somebody wanted they could depict violating thoughts or images out of many different forms of art.The censorship of music only increased as the years passed by. In 1981 Olivia Newton Johns song Physical was banned because it was believed to have strong sexual content and this was considered to b e more than inappropriate for the Mormon religion. 1985 brought about one of the most prominent groups to support censorship in music.   This group was the Parents Music Resource Group.   This group was headed by Tipper Gore.   This group was later named the Parents Music Resource Center.  Ã‚   The PMRCs primary focus was getting record companies to monitor and rate their artists releases with a system similar to the MPAA system for movies.   This group brought about some problems about two types of music, rap and heavy metal.   The PMRC hit them so hard that it became very hard to find a rap or heavy metal record in stores.   In order to get around this many record labels released two versions of the same album, one was the original album and the second one was an edited version.   The PMRC created a type of stickering system.   Under the sticker system if an album was believed to be inappropriate, a sticker would be placed on the album cover.   This sticker wou ld indicate that the album should not be purchased by anyone under the age of eighteen due to explicit lyrics or violent behavior.   This was a big step backwards for those who were against the censorship of music.   This stickering system did not include the censorship of pornography.   In 1987 a singer by the name of Jello Biafra was arrested for the distribution of pornography.   He had a picture of a naked lady on the cover and was found to be inappropriate for the public.   These albums were later seized and his band eventually broke up.(The 1980s 1) Pornography and prostitution are often times found to be legal   in America, but a persons constitutional right of speaking freely can be outlawed by the same government, that really doesnt make since!The 90s by is the most controversial decade as far as censorship goes. With all of the Knew and   diversified types of music there is sure to be differences in taste.   The widely known incident about the subject of banned music took place between the police in Dade County Florida and the rap group 2 Live Crew.   2 Live Crew released a very risquà © album by the name of Me So Horny   The record sale and distribution of this album were deemed illegal in Florida and Alabama just to name a couple of states.   2 Live Crew were also arrested in Florida at a concert.   The police claimed that the performance was too obscene for the general public.   This led to 2 Live Crews next album to be titled Banned In The USA.   Later on that year rapper Ice Ts album Freedom of Speech was banned.   Its lyrics were also considered to be too obscene.   (Music Censorship: Elvis to Ice-T 5) It seems that rap music is taking the fall for music censorship.   Public Enemy, another rap group, has recently been under some heat for a video and an album they just recently released.   The name of the album By the Time I Get to Arizona features a video in which it depicts the governor of Arizona as a Da vid Duke type of character.   Public Enemy claims that it is just trying to get its point across that it is wrong that the state of Arizona does not celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day(Loder, Censorship, A Town Meeting).   Evan Mecham, the former governor of Arizona had this to say about the matter, I could not understand how anyone could have the gall to market something like that and call it entertainment,(Gregory Lewis 1).   It should be added that Mecham was impeached for abolishing Martin Luther King Day as a national holiday.   So I guess that you could say that Public Enemy was trying to get a point across and they succeeded.In the mid 1990s many large chain stores took a major role in the sales of these so called obscene albums.   Such stores as Wal Mart and K Mart decided not to sale any records that proved to be obscene.   This meant that if a record label wanted to sell a lot of copies of an album, they would have to start making sure they were acceptable for the general public. Since the Wal- Marts and K -Marts were so big it would be really hard to sale a large quantity of the albums at record stores.      As you can see, censorship is a big part of the music industry these days.   Obviously censorship has been around for a while, but is it all that it is cracked up to be?There are many groups or coalitions who believe the answer to this question is no.   There is a group by the name of the Free Music Coalition, based out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that is always fighting for the right of musicians.   They feel that the censorship of music is wrong and it is bad for the music community.   The Free Music Coalition has three basic goals: 1.   To educate the public about the seriousness of the threats we are facing.   Church groups, politicians, and the police have formed a network to censor music.   Fans need to understand this to effectively fight back.   2.   To organize a counter attack.   To be successful everyone must band together, only then will activities such as letter writing campaigns, petitions, boycotts and demonstrations produce results.   3.   Make censorship illegal.   The First Amendment is supposed to protect our freedom of expression, but lawmakers and police are able to twist the laws to stop ideas that they find dangerous or offensive.   What we need is a law that prohibits the censoring and labeling of records, books, arts, or films.   Only then can artists create without a cloud of fear hanging over them.   Only then can we enjoy the music we want to hear ( Fighting Censorship 1). Plagiarism Detection >The Free Music Coalition is against the censorship of music because censorship is unfair to musicians.   In a recent case in Michigan it wasnt a bands lyrics that got banned, it was one of their T-shirts.   A young boy went to school with the inscription Korn on his plain black shirt. He was asked to change the shirt, and if he didnt, he would be sus pended (Music Censorship: Elvis to Ice -T 12). This incident can be more rightly justified; the Offense Principle states that a person can be stopped from doing want he or she wants do if it is going to offend others(Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues 203). Everybody has a choice about what kind of music they want to listen to. My friend is big into rap music, and I am offended by the language used in it.   It is his choice to buy and to listen to it, and it is mine not to. Him buying it doesnt affect me, so there for it should be his right.   If nobody is affected   by a persons actions then it should be allowed.The First Amendment in the U.S. Constitution states pacifically that each person has the right to freedom of speech.    Congress shall make no law representing an   establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free   exercise there of; or abridging the freedom of speech,   or of the press; or of the right of the people living   peaceably to assemble, an d petition the government for   a redress of grievances.   If a person is not allowed to express themselves and their feelings vividly, then they are not being given the right that is rightfully theirs.    Artists have never had their drawings censored because they are inappropriate, and boxers dont get censored because their sport is too violent, so why should musicians?   Sure, some of the music out there is not appropriate for little kids to hear, but it is not the musicians responsibility to make sure youngsters do not hear it. So, for those people who believe the censorship of music is correct, maybe they should take their own advice and start censoring what they and their kids buy, and quit worrying about what others are buying. America is based on individual rights and individual differences.   Censoring the music in this country would go against everything America is all about. People should be able to choose want they want or dont want.